📖 Crammy · All study guidesAP English Language & Composition · Unit 3 · Diction, syntax, tone, imagery; figurative language; structures
Rhetorical Choices & Devices: every key term you need
20 flashcard terms for AP English Language & Composition Unit 3, written to match the course framework. Study them here, then drill them as interactive flashcards — free, no account needed.
Synthesis means combining multiple sources to develop and support a new idea. It's not summary—it's using sources as building blocks for your own argument.
Source Integration
Embedding sources into your writing so they support your thesis, not overwhelm it. A strong synthesis weaves sources together thematically.
Quoting
Using a source's exact words. Quotes are powerful for distinctive language or key claims, but overuse weakens voice. Quote sparingly and always introduce.
Paraphrasing
Restating ideas in your own words. Paraphrases are often better than quotes for clarity and voice; always cite the original source.
Summarizing
Condensing a source into its main points. Summaries provide context and are useful for background, but synthesis requires deeper engagement.
Signal Phrases
Introductory phrases that credit sources: 'According to X,' 'Recent research suggests,' 'Smith argues that.' Signal phrases guide readers and build credibility.
In-Text Citation
Parenthetical references (MLA, APA, Chicago) that identify sources. Proper citation is essential for avoiding plagiarism and allowing readers to find sources.
Finding Common Ground
Synthesis often involves identifying where different sources agree, even if their overall views differ. Common ground creates a foundation for argument.
Identifying Disagreement
Recognizing where sources conflict. Using opposing sources strategically strengthens argument by showing you've considered multiple perspectives.
Source Credibility
Evaluating whether a source is reliable. Consider author expertise, publication date, potential bias, and whether claims are supported by evidence.
Primary vs. Secondary Sources
Primary sources are original materials (documents, interviews, experiments); secondary sources analyze or interpret them. Both are useful for different purposes.
Bias in Sources
All sources reflect their authors' perspectives. Recognizing bias doesn't invalidate a source—it means reading critically and balancing perspectives.
Synthesizing Arguments
Combining sources with different viewpoints to develop your own position. Your thesis should emerge from engaging with multiple sources, not predetermine them.
Thematic Synthesis
Organizing sources around common themes rather than source-by-source. Thematic organization shows sophistication and clarity.
Synthesis Across Media
Combining text, images, video, and data. Different media types require different analysis and integration strategies.
Avoiding Plagiarism
Plagiarism is using others' ideas without credit. Paraphrasing requires citation; common knowledge doesn't; when in doubt, cite.
Patchwriting
A form of plagiarism where you change a few words of a source without citation or substantive paraphrasing. Rewrite completely or quote directly.
Synthesis in the 'They Say / I Say' Model
Acknowledging existing conversation ('They say') before presenting your contribution ('I say'). This positions your argument within ongoing dialogue.
Building Ethos Through Sources
Using credible, current sources strengthens your ethos. Demonstrating deep source engagement shows respect for audience and topic.
Synthesis and Original Thinking
Synthesis isn't just compilation—it requires analysis. Your voice and interpretation should shine through, using sources as evidence for your unique perspective.