Study guides

Free study guides, unit by unit

Every guide covers one unit's key terms, matched to the course framework. Open any of them in the app to study as flashcards, take quizzes, and track what you know.

🇺🇸 AP (United States)

🦅 AP U.S. History

Unit 1 — Interactions North America (1491–1607) (100 terms)
Unit 2 — Colonial America (1607–1754) (102 terms)
Unit 3 — Revolution & Early Republic (1754–1800) (116 terms)
Unit 4 — Expanding Democracy & the Market Revolution (1800–1848) (81 terms)
Unit 5 — Sectionalism, Civil War & Reconstruction (1844–1877) (92 terms)
Unit 6 — The Gilded Age (1865–1898) (108 terms)
Unit 7 — Conflict in the Early 20th Century (1890–1945) (123 terms)
Unit 8 — The Postwar Period & Cold War (1945–1980) (99 terms)
Unit 9 — Entering into the 21st Century (1980–present) (102 terms)

🌍 AP World History

Unit 1 — The Global Tapestry (94 terms)
Unit 2 — Networks of Exchange (64 terms)
Unit 3 — Land-Based Empires (70 terms)
Unit 4 — Transoceanic Interconnections (70 terms)
Unit 5 — Revolutions (69 terms)
Unit 6 — Consequences of Industrialization (65 terms)
Unit 7 — Global Conflict (69 terms)
Unit 8 — Cold War and Decolonization (64 terms)
Unit 9 — Globalization (60 terms)

🏰 AP European History

Unit 1 — Renaissance & Exploration (69 terms)
Unit 2 — Age of Reformation (64 terms)
Unit 3 — Absolutism & Constitutionalism (64 terms)
Unit 4 — Scientific, Philosophical & Political Developments (61 terms)
Unit 5 — Conflict, Crisis & Reaction (Late 18th C.) (62 terms)
Unit 6 — Industrialization & Its Effects (60 terms)
Unit 7 — 19th-Century Perspectives & Politics (62 terms)
Unit 8 — 20th-Century Global Conflicts (61 terms)
Unit 9 — Cold War & Contemporary Europe (63 terms)

🧬 AP Biology

Unit 1 — Chemistry of Life (82 terms)
Unit 2 — Cell Structure & Function (69 terms)
Unit 3 — Cellular Energetics (66 terms)
Unit 4 — Cell Communication & Cell Cycle (64 terms)
Unit 5 — Heredity (56 terms)
Unit 6 — Gene Expression & Regulation (63 terms)

⚗️ AP Chemistry

Unit 1 — Atomic Structure & Properties (68 terms)
Unit 2 — Compound Structure & Properties (56 terms)
Unit 3 — Intermolecular Forces & Properties (59 terms)
Unit 4 — Chemical Reactions (54 terms)
Unit 5 — Kinetics (57 terms)

🗺️ AP Human Geography

Unit 1 — Thinking Geographically (68 terms)
Unit 2 — Population & Migration Patterns (65 terms)
Unit 3 — Cultural Patterns & Processes (59 terms)

📝 AP English Language & Composition

Unit 1 — Rhetorical Foundations & Appeals (13 terms)
Unit 2 — Author's Purpose & Context (11 terms)
Unit 3 — Rhetorical Choices & Devices (20 terms)
Unit 4 — Developing Effective Arguments (20 terms)
Unit 5 — Synthesis & Multimodal Rhetoric (20 terms)

📚 AP English Literature & Composition

Unit 1 — Literary Elements & Devices (17 terms)
Unit 2 — Characterization & Development (13 terms)
Unit 3 — Narrator, Point of View & Perspective (18 terms)
Unit 4 — Structure, Form & Genre (20 terms)
Unit 5 — Themes, Meaning & Symbolism (20 terms)
Unit 6 — Intertextuality & Cultural Context (20 terms)

💻 AP Computer Science Principles

Unit 1 — Computing Systems & Networks (18 terms)
Unit 2 — Data & Representation (20 terms)
Unit 3 — Algorithms & Programming (20 terms)
Unit 4 — Programming & Modeling (20 terms)
Unit 5 — Impact of AI & Computing (20 terms)

🌱 AP Environmental Science

Unit 1 — Earth Systems (18 terms)
Unit 2 — Biodiversity & Conservation (20 terms)
Unit 3 — Populations & Communities (20 terms)
Unit 4 — Energy Flow & Nutrient Cycles (20 terms)
Unit 5 — Land Use & Sustainability (20 terms)

✊ AP African American Studies

Four Units (10 terms)

🧠 AP Psychology

Unit 1 — Scientific Method in Psychology (24 terms)
Unit 9 — Intelligence (20 terms)

📐 AP Calculus AB

Unit 1 — Limits and Continuity (20 terms)
Unit 2 — Derivative Definition (20 terms)
Unit 3 — Extreme Value Theorem (20 terms)
Unit 4 — Antiderivative Definition (20 terms)
Unit 5 — Differential Equations Basics (20 terms)

∫ AP Calculus BC

Unit 1 — Limits & Continuity (11 terms)
Unit 3 — Applications of Derivatives (11 terms)
Unit 6 — Parametric & Polar (12 terms)
Unit 7 — Infinite Series (12 terms)
Unit 8 — Differential Equations (10 terms)

📊 AP Statistics

Unit 1 — Designing Studies (31 terms)
Unit 2 — Exploring Bivariate Data (22 terms)
Unit 3 — Probability (17 terms)
Unit 4 — Random Variables & Distributions (17 terms)
Unit 5 — Sampling Distributions (13 terms)
Unit 6 — Inference for Means (15 terms)
Unit 7 — Inference for Proportions (10 terms)
Unit 8 — Chi-Square & Inference (12 terms)

🎢 AP Physics 1

Unit 1 — Kinematics Definition (15 terms)
Unit 2 — Newton's First Law (14 terms)
Unit 5 — Uniform Circular Motion (10 terms)
Unit 6 — Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) (11 terms)
Unit 8 — Electric Charge (20 terms)

🧲 AP Physics 2

🚀 AP Physics C

Unit 1 — Calculus in Physics (20 terms)
Unit 7 — Simple Harmonic Motion (20 terms)

🏛️ AP US Government

Unit 1 — Democracy and Republic (20 terms)

💹 AP Macroeconomics

Unit 1 — Basic Economic Concepts (17 terms)
Unit 2 — Supply, Demand, Elasticity (13 terms)
Unit 3 — National Income & Price (13 terms)
Unit 4 — Financial Sector (11 terms)
Unit 5 — Long-Run Growth (10 terms)

☕ AP Computer Science A

✨ AP starter decks

Core vocabulary for 23 more AP courses.

AP starter flashcard decks (314 terms)

🇬🇧 UK A-Level

🧬 A-Level Biology

Topic 1 — Biological molecules and enzymes (16 terms)
Topic 2 — Cell structure, membranes and division (16 terms)
Topic 3 — Exchange surfaces and transport systems (16 terms)
Topic 4 — Genetic information, variation and biodiversity (16 terms)
Topic 5 — Energy transfers: photosynthesis and respiration (16 terms)
Topic 6 — Responding to the environment: nerves, muscles and homeostasis (16 terms)
Topic 7 — Genetics, populations, evolution and ecosystems (16 terms)
Topic 8 — The control of gene expression and gene technology (16 terms)

⚗️ A-Level Chemistry

Topic 1 — Atomic structure and the periodic table (16 terms)
Topic 2 — Bonding, structure and intermolecular forces (16 terms)
Topic 3 — Amount of substance and quantitative chemistry (16 terms)
Topic 4 — Energetics and thermodynamics (16 terms)
Topic 5 — Kinetics, equilibria and acids (16 terms)
Topic 6 — Redox, electrochemistry and transition metals (16 terms)
Topic 7 — Organic chemistry: functional groups and mechanisms (16 terms)
Topic 8 — Analysis: spectroscopy and chromatography (16 terms)

🎢 A-Level Physics

Topic 1 — Measurements, quantities and uncertainty (16 terms)
Topic 2 — Mechanics: forces, energy and momentum (16 terms)
Topic 3 — Materials and their properties (16 terms)
Topic 4 — Waves and optics (16 terms)
Topic 5 — Electricity and circuits (16 terms)
Topic 6 — Further mechanics and thermal physics (16 terms)
Topic 7 — Fields: gravitational, electric and magnetic (16 terms)
Topic 8 — Quantum physics and nuclear physics (16 terms)

📐 A-Level Mathematics

Topic 1 — Pure core: algebra, calculus and trigonometry (16 terms)

➗ A-Level Further Mathematics

Topic 1 — Complex numbers, matrices and series (16 terms)

💻 A-Level Computer Science

Topic 1 — Data structures, algorithms and complexity (16 terms)

📈 A-Level Economics

Topic 1 — Microeconomics: markets, failure and intervention (16 terms)

🧠 A-Level Psychology

Topic 1 — Memory, attachment and research methods (16 terms)

🏛️ A-Level History

Topic 1 — Source analysis and modern British and European history (16 terms)

🗺️ A-Level Geography

Topic 1 — Physical systems and hazards (16 terms)

📖 A-Level English Literature

Topic 1 — Critical terms, form and literary theory (16 terms)

💼 A-Level Business

Topic 1 — Business objectives, finance and decision-making (16 terms)

🎓 College Courses

🦴 Anatomy & Physiology I

Topic 1 — Organization of the Body, Homeostasis and Anatomical Terminology (25 terms)
Topic 2 — Cells and Cellular Transport (25 terms)
Topic 3 — Tissues: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle and Nervous (25 terms)
Topic 4 — The Integumentary System (25 terms)
Topic 5 — Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System (25 terms)
Topic 6 — Joints and Articulations (25 terms)
Topic 7 — Muscle Tissue and the Physiology of Contraction (25 terms)
Topic 8 — Nervous Tissue, the Action Potential and the Synapse (25 terms)

🧬 General Biology I

Topic 1 — Chemistry of Life and Water (25 terms)
Topic 2 — Macromolecules: Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic Acids (25 terms)
Topic 3 — Cell Structure and Membrane Transport (25 terms)
Topic 4 — Enzymes, Metabolism and Bioenergetics (25 terms)
Topic 5 — Cellular Respiration (25 terms)
Topic 6 — Photosynthesis (25 terms)
Topic 7 — Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis (25 terms)
Topic 8 — Mendelian Genetics and Chromosomal Inheritance (25 terms)

📐 Multivariable Calculus

Topic 1 — Vectors and the Geometry of Space (25 terms)
Topic 2 — Curves, Velocity and Arc Length in Space (25 terms)
Topic 3 — Functions of Several Variables, Limits and Continuity (25 terms)
Topic 4 — Partial Derivatives, the Chain Rule and Directional Derivatives (25 terms)
Topic 5 — Optimization and Lagrange Multipliers (25 terms)
Topic 6 — Double and Triple Integrals (25 terms)
Topic 7 — Integration in Polar, Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates (25 terms)
Topic 8 — Vector Fields, Line and Surface Integrals with Green, Stokes and Divergence Theorems (25 terms)

〰️ Differential Equations

Topic 1 — First-Order Equations: Separable, Linear and Exact (25 terms)
Topic 2 — Modelling with First-Order Equations (25 terms)
Topic 3 — Existence, Uniqueness and Qualitative Behaviour (25 terms)
Topic 4 — Second-Order Linear Equations with Constant Coefficients (25 terms)
Topic 5 — Undetermined Coefficients and Variation of Parameters (25 terms)
Topic 6 — Mechanical and Electrical Vibrations and Resonance (25 terms)
Topic 7 — Laplace Transforms (25 terms)
Topic 8 — Systems of Linear Equations and Phase Plane Analysis (25 terms)

🔗 Discrete Mathematics

Topic 1 — Propositional and Predicate Logic (25 terms)
Topic 2 — Proof Techniques: Direct, Contrapositive, Contradiction and Induction (25 terms)
Topic 3 — Sets, Functions and Relations (25 terms)
Topic 4 — Combinatorics: Counting, Permutations and Combinations (25 terms)
Topic 5 — Discrete Probability (25 terms)
Topic 6 — Number Theory and Modular Arithmetic (25 terms)
Topic 7 — Graph Theory (25 terms)
Topic 8 — Trees, Recurrence Relations and Algorithmic Complexity (25 terms)

💻 Data Structures & Algorithms

Topic 1 — Algorithm Analysis and Asymptotic Notation (25 terms)
Topic 2 — Arrays, Linked Lists, Stacks and Queues (25 terms)
Topic 3 — Recursion and Divide and Conquer (25 terms)
Topic 4 — Sorting Algorithms (25 terms)
Topic 5 — Hash Tables and Hashing Strategies (25 terms)
Topic 6 — Trees, Binary Search Trees and Balanced Trees (25 terms)
Topic 7 — Heaps, Priority Queues and Graph Representations (25 terms)
Topic 8 — Graph Algorithms, Greedy Methods and Dynamic Programming (25 terms)

📊 Financial Accounting

Topic 1 — The Accounting Equation and Financial Statements (25 terms)
Topic 2 — The Accounting Cycle: Journalizing, Posting and Trial Balance (25 terms)
Topic 3 — Accrual Accounting and Adjusting Entries (25 terms)
Topic 4 — Merchandising Operations and Inventory Costing (25 terms)
Topic 5 — Receivables and Bad Debt (25 terms)
Topic 6 — Long-Lived Assets, Depreciation and Disposal (25 terms)
Topic 7 — Liabilities, Bonds and the Time Value of Money (25 terms)
Topic 8 — Stockholders' Equity and the Statement of Cash Flows (25 terms)

🔢 Linear Algebra

Topic 1 — Systems of Linear Equations and Row Reduction (25 terms)
Topic 2 — Matrix Algebra and Invertibility (25 terms)
Topic 3 — Vector Spaces and Subspaces (25 terms)
Topic 4 — Linear Independence, Basis and Dimension (25 terms)
Topic 5 — Linear Transformations, Rank and Nullity (25 terms)
Topic 6 — Determinants (25 terms)
Topic 7 — Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors and Diagonalization (25 terms)
Topic 8 — Orthogonality, Least Squares and the Spectral Theorem (25 terms)

📈 Intermediate Microeconomics

Topic 1 — Preferences, Utility and Indifference Curves (25 terms)
Topic 2 — Budget Constraints, Optimal Choice and Demand (25 terms)
Topic 3 — Income and Substitution Effects and Consumer Welfare (25 terms)
Topic 4 — Uncertainty, Risk and Expected Utility (25 terms)
Topic 5 — Production and Cost Functions (25 terms)
Topic 6 — Perfect Competition and Firm Supply (25 terms)
Topic 7 — Monopoly, Price Discrimination and Market Power (25 terms)
Topic 8 — Game Theory, Oligopoly and Market Failure (25 terms)

⚗️ Organic Chemistry I

Topic 1 — Bonding, Hybridization and Molecular Structure (25 terms)
Topic 2 — Acids, Bases and pKa Reasoning (25 terms)
Topic 3 — Alkanes, Conformational Analysis and Cycloalkanes (25 terms)
Topic 4 — Stereochemistry and Chirality (25 terms)
Topic 5 — Substitution Reactions: SN1 and SN2 (25 terms)
Topic 6 — Elimination Reactions and the Substitution-Elimination Competition (25 terms)
Topic 7 — Alkenes and Alkynes: Addition Reactions (25 terms)
Topic 8 — Radical Reactions, Alcohols and an Introduction to Spectroscopy (25 terms)

🎲 Probability & Statistical Inference

Topic 1 — Probability Axioms, Conditional Probability and Bayes' Theorem (25 terms)
Topic 2 — Random Variables and Distributions (25 terms)
Topic 3 — Expectation, Variance and Moment Generating Functions (25 terms)
Topic 4 — Joint Distributions, Covariance and Independence (25 terms)
Topic 5 — Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem (25 terms)
Topic 6 — Point Estimation: Method of Moments and Maximum Likelihood (25 terms)
Topic 7 — Confidence Intervals (25 terms)
Topic 8 — Hypothesis Testing, Errors and Power (25 terms)

✍️ College Writing & Rhetoric

Topic 1 — Rhetorical Situation, Audience and Purpose (25 terms)
Topic 2 — Invention, Thesis and Claim Types (25 terms)
Topic 3 — Argument Structure: Toulmin, Rogerian and Classical Arrangement (25 terms)
Topic 4 — Evidence, Source Evaluation and Logical Fallacies (25 terms)
Topic 5 — Academic Research and the Research Question (25 terms)
Topic 6 — Summary, Paraphrase, Quotation and Avoiding Plagiarism (25 terms)
Topic 7 — Style, Sentence Craft and Coherence (25 terms)
Topic 8 — Revision, Peer Review and Citation Conventions (25 terms)

⚖️ Law School

🏢 Business Associations

Topic 1 — Agency: Authority and Liability (25 terms)
Topic 2 — General and Limited Partnerships (25 terms)
Topic 3 — Limited Liability Companies (25 terms)
Topic 4 — Corporate Formation, Promoters and Piercing the Corporate Veil (25 terms)
Topic 5 — The Duty of Care and the Business Judgment Rule (25 terms)
Topic 6 — The Duty of Loyalty, Conflicts and Corporate Opportunity (25 terms)
Topic 7 — Shareholder Rights, Voting and Derivative Suits (25 terms)
Topic 8 — Securities Regulation, Insider Trading and Fundamental Changes (25 terms)

⚖️ Civil Procedure

Topic 1 — Personal Jurisdiction (25 terms)
Topic 2 — Subject Matter Jurisdiction and Removal (25 terms)
Topic 3 — Venue, Transfer and Forum Non Conveniens (25 terms)
Topic 4 — The Erie Doctrine and Choice of Law (25 terms)
Topic 5 — Pleadings and Rule 12 Motions (25 terms)
Topic 6 — Joinder, Class Actions and Discovery (25 terms)
Topic 7 — Summary Judgment and Trial (25 terms)
Topic 8 — Preclusion, Appeals and Post-Trial Motions (25 terms)

🏛️ Constitutional Law

Topic 1 — Judicial Review and Justiciability (25 terms)
Topic 2 — The Commerce Power and Federal Legislative Authority (25 terms)
Topic 3 — Federalism Limits: Tenth Amendment, Spending and Preemption (25 terms)
Topic 4 — Separation of Powers and Executive Authority (25 terms)
Topic 5 — The Dormant Commerce Clause and State Regulation (25 terms)
Topic 6 — Due Process: Procedural and Substantive (25 terms)
Topic 7 — Equal Protection and Levels of Scrutiny (25 terms)
Topic 8 — First Amendment: Speech and Religion (25 terms)

📜 Contracts

Topic 1 — Offer and Acceptance at Common Law (25 terms)
Topic 2 — Consideration and Promissory Estoppel (25 terms)
Topic 3 — Contract Formation Under UCC Article 2 (25 terms)
Topic 4 — Defenses to Formation and Policing the Bargain (25 terms)
Topic 5 — The Statute of Frauds and the Parol Evidence Rule (25 terms)
Topic 6 — Interpretation, Conditions and Performance (25 terms)
Topic 7 — Breach, Repudiation and Excuse (25 terms)
Topic 8 — Remedies and Third-Party Rights (25 terms)

🔒 Criminal Law

Topic 1 — Purposes of Punishment and Legality (25 terms)
Topic 2 — Actus Reus and Omissions (25 terms)
Topic 3 — Mens Rea and Mistake (25 terms)
Topic 4 — Causation in Criminal Law (25 terms)
Topic 5 — Homicide: Murder and Manslaughter (25 terms)
Topic 6 — Rape, Theft and Property Crimes (25 terms)
Topic 7 — Inchoate Crimes and Accomplice Liability (25 terms)
Topic 8 — Defenses: Justification and Excuse (25 terms)

🔍 Evidence

Topic 1 — Relevance and Its Limits (25 terms)
Topic 2 — Character Evidence, Habit and Other-Acts Evidence (25 terms)
Topic 3 — Witnesses: Competency, Examination and Impeachment (25 terms)
Topic 4 — Opinion Testimony and Expert Evidence (25 terms)
Topic 5 — The Hearsay Rule and Non-Hearsay (25 terms)
Topic 6 — Hearsay Exceptions: Declarant Unavailable and Not Required (25 terms)
Topic 7 — Confrontation, Privileges and Public Policy Exclusions (25 terms)
Topic 8 — Authentication, Best Evidence and Judicial Notice (25 terms)

👪 Family Law

Topic 1 — Marriage: Requirements, Validity and Annulment (25 terms)
Topic 2 — Nonmarital Relationships and Cohabitation (25 terms)
Topic 3 — Divorce Grounds, Jurisdiction and Procedure (25 terms)
Topic 4 — Property Division at Divorce (25 terms)
Topic 5 — Spousal Support and Child Support (25 terms)
Topic 6 — Child Custody and Visitation (25 terms)
Topic 7 — Parentage, Adoption and Assisted Reproduction (25 terms)
Topic 8 — Premarital Agreements, Domestic Violence and Family Privacy (25 terms)

✍️ Legal Research and Writing

Topic 1 — Sources of Law and the Hierarchy of Authority (25 terms)
Topic 2 — Legal Research Strategy and Finding Tools (25 terms)
Topic 3 — Case Reading, Briefing and Synthesis (25 terms)
Topic 4 — Statutory Interpretation and Canons of Construction (25 terms)
Topic 5 — The Office Memorandum and IRAC or CREAC Structure (25 terms)
Topic 6 — Rule Statements, Analogical Reasoning and Counteranalysis (25 terms)
Topic 7 — Persuasive Writing: Briefs, Point Headings and Standards of Review (25 terms)
Topic 8 — Citation, Quotation and Professional Editing (25 terms)

🎓 Professional Responsibility

Topic 1 — Regulation of the Legal Profession and Admission (25 terms)
Topic 2 — The Client-Lawyer Relationship: Formation, Scope and Termination (25 terms)
Topic 3 — Confidentiality and Its Exceptions (25 terms)
Topic 4 — Conflicts of Interest: Current Clients (25 terms)
Topic 5 — Conflicts: Former Clients, Imputation and Screening (25 terms)
Topic 6 — Fees, Client Property and Trust Accounts (25 terms)
Topic 7 — Candor, Fairness and Duties to the Tribunal and Third Parties (25 terms)
Topic 8 — Advertising, Solicitation, Judicial Ethics and Discipline (25 terms)

🏠 Property

Topic 1 — Acquisition of Property: Capture, Find and Adverse Possession (25 terms)
Topic 2 — Estates in Land and Future Interests (25 terms)
Topic 3 — Concurrent Ownership and Marital Property (25 terms)
Topic 4 — Landlord-Tenant Law (25 terms)
Topic 5 — Servitudes: Easements, Covenants and Equitable Servitudes (25 terms)
Topic 6 — Land Transactions, Deeds and Recording Acts (25 terms)
Topic 7 — Nuisance, Zoning and Land Use Regulation (25 terms)
Topic 8 — Takings and Eminent Domain (25 terms)

⚖️ Torts

Topic 1 — Intentional Torts to Person and Property (25 terms)
Topic 2 — Defenses to Intentional Torts (25 terms)
Topic 3 — Negligence: Duty and Standard of Care (25 terms)
Topic 4 — Breach and Proof of Negligence (25 terms)
Topic 5 — Causation: Actual and Proximate (25 terms)
Topic 6 — Defenses to Negligence and Comparative Fault (25 terms)
Topic 7 — Strict Liability and Products Liability (25 terms)
Topic 8 — Damages, Vicarious Liability and Dignitary Torts (25 terms)

📖 Wills and Trusts

Topic 1 — Intestate Succession and Heirship (25 terms)
Topic 2 — Will Execution, Formalities and Revocation (25 terms)
Topic 3 — Will Components, Construction and Lapse (25 terms)
Topic 4 — Limits on Testamentary Freedom: Spousal and Family Protection (25 terms)
Topic 5 — Will Contests: Capacity, Undue Influence and Fraud (25 terms)
Topic 6 — Trust Creation, Elements and Types (25 terms)
Topic 7 — Trust Administration and Fiduciary Duties (25 terms)
Topic 8 — Charitable Trusts, Powers of Appointment and Nonprobate Transfers (25 terms)